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Android 10 introduced dynamic partitions, where multiple logical partitions ( system , vendor , product , odm ) are contained within a single super.img . This requires specialized tools like (Linux) or kitchen tools with super image support.

If rebuilding a modern device firmware, it will automatically bundle the modified directories back into a sparse super.img or reconstruct a flashable payload.bin .

Completely builds custom ROMs from scratch using automated menus.

What (Windows or Linux) are you using on your PC?

For Linux users, a manual mount-based workflow provides maximum control. Convert the sparse image if necessary ( simg2img system.img system.raw.img ), mount it ( sudo mount -o loop system.raw.img /mnt/system ), make modifications, and then repack using tools like make_ext4fs .

SuperR's Kitchen is a veteran in the ROM customization space, available for Linux, macOS, and Windows. It can extract ROMs from rooted devices, custom recoveries, existing ROM ZIPs, system images, boot images, and various firmware formats including Samsung tar.md5 files and official Nexus TGZ archives. The kitchen offers deodexing for ROMs from KitKat through Android N previews, root management (including SuperSU ZIP integration), boot image patching (init.d, su.d support, dm-verity removal, forceencrypt removal), and zip signing. While its development has slowed, SuperR's Kitchen remains a reliable choice for legacy devices and users comfortable with a menu-driven terminal interface.

These tools automate the complex commands needed to extract partitions and rebuild them into flashable images. CRB Android Kitchen (Crbuilder)